Python Operators
There are many operators in Python. They can be grouped into following categories based on the type of operation they perform, and in an order of their usage in typical programming.
- Arithmetic
- Assignment
- Comparison
- Logical
- Identity
- Membership
- Bitwise
In this tutorial, we will go through each of these categories. But the following tutorials cover these in great detail.
In this tutorial, we will go through each of these operator categories with examples.
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Operators are used to perform basic mathematical arithmetic operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc. The following table lists out all the arithmetic operators in Python.
| Operator Symbol | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | x + y |
| – | Subtraction | x – y |
| * | Multiplication | x * y |
| / | Division | x / y |
| % | Modulus | x % y |
| ** | Exponentiation | x ** y |
| // | Floor division | x // y |
In the following program, we will take values for variables x and y, and perform arithmetic operations on these values using Python Arithmetic Operators.
main.py
x = 5
y = 2
addition = x + y
subtraction = x - y
multiplication = x * y
division = x / y
modulus = x % y
exponentiation = x ** y
floor_division = x // y
print(f'x + y = {addition}')
print(f'x - y = {subtraction}')
print(f'x * y = {multiplication}')
print(f'x / y = {division}')
print(f'x % y = {modulus}')
print(f'x ** y = {exponentiation}')
print(f'x // y = {floor_division}')
Output
x + y = 7 x - y = 3 x * y = 10 x / y = 2.5 x % y = 1 x ** y = 25 x // y = 2
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise Operators are used to perform bit level operations. The following table lists out all the bitwise operators in Python.
| Operator Symbol | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| & | AND | x & y |
| | | OR | x | y |
| ^ | XOR | x ^ y |
| ~ | NOT | ~x |
| << | Zero fill left shift | x << y |
| >> | Signed right shift | x >> y |
main.py
# AND x, y = 5, 2 print(x & y) # 0 # OR x, y = 5, 2 print(x | y) # 7 # XOR x, y = 5, 2 print(x ^ y) # 7 # NOT x, y = 5, 2 print(~x) # -6 # Zero fill left shift x, y = 5, 2 print(x << y) # 20 #Signed right shift x, y = 5, 2 print(x >> y) # 1
Assignment Operators
Assignment Operators are used to assign or store a specific value in a variable. The following table lists out all the assignment operators in Python.
| Operator Symbol | Description | Example | Equivalent to |
|---|---|---|---|
| = | Assignment | x = y | |
| += | Addition Assignment | x += y | x = x + y |
| -= | Subtraction Assignment | x -= y | x = x – y |
| *= | Multiplication Assignment | x *= y | x = x * y |
| /= | Division Assignment | x /= y | x = x / y |
| %= | Modulus Assignment | x %= y | x = x % y |
| **= | Exponentiation Assignment | x **= y | x = x ** y |
| //= | Floor-division Assignment | x //= y | x = x // y |
| &= | AND Assignment | x &= y | x = x & y |
| |= | OR Assignment | x |= y | x = x | y |
| ^= | XOR Assignment | x ^= y | x = x ^ y |
| <<= | Zero fill left shift Assignment | x <<= y | x = x << y |
| >>= | Signed right shift Assignment | x >>= y | x = x >> y |
In the following program, we will take values for variables x and y, and perform assignment operations on these values using Python Assignment Operators.
main.py
x, y = 5, 2 x += y print(x) # 7 x, y = 5, 2 x -= y print(x) # 3 x, y = 5, 2 x *= y print(x) # 10 x, y = 5, 2 x /= y print(x) # 2.5 x, y = 5, 2 x %= y print(x) # 1 x, y = 5, 2 x **= y print(x) # 25 x, y = 5, 2 x //= y print(x) # 2 x, y = 5, 2 x &= y print(x) # 0 x, y = 5, 2 x |= y print(x) # 7 x, y = 5, 2 x ^= y print(x) # 7 x, y = 5, 2 x <<= y print(x) # 20 x, y = 5, 2 x >>= y print(x) # 1
Comparison Operators
Comparison Operators are used to compare two operands. The following table lists out all the Comparison operators in Python.
| Operator Symbol | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| == | Equal to | x == y |
| != | Not Equal to | x != y |
| > | Greater than | x > y |
| < | Less than | x < y |
| >= | Greater than or equal to | x >= y |
| <= | Less than or equal to | x <= y |
main.py
# Equal to x, y = 5, 2 print(x == y) # False # Not equal to x, y = 5, 2 print(x != y) # True # Greater than x, y = 5, 2 print(x > y) # True # Less than x, y = 5, 2 print(x < y) # False # Greater than or equal to x, y = 5, 2 print(x >= y) # True # Less than or equal to x, y = 5, 2 print(x <= y) # False
Logical Operators
Logical Operators are used to combine simple conditions and form compound conditions. The following table lists out all the Logical operators in Python.
| Operator Symbol | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| and | Returns True if both operands are True. | x and y |
| or | Returns True if any of the operands is True. | x or y |
| not | Returns the complement of given boolean operand. | not x |
main.py
# Logical AND x, y = True, False print(x and y) # False # Logical OR x, y = True, False print(x or y) # True # Logical NOT x = True print(not x) # False
Identity Operators
Identity Operators are used to check if two variables point to same reference of an object in Python. The following table lists out the two Identity operators in Python.
| Operator Symbol | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| is | Returns True if both operands refer to same object. | x is y |
| is not | Returns True if two operands refer to different objects. | x is not y |
Two objects are said to have same reference, if they have same id. In the following program, we shall print the ids of x and y, along with the results of is and is not operators.
main.py
x = [1, 2, 3] y = x print(x is y) # True print(x is not y) # False print(id(x)) print(id(y))
Output
True False 2284566373000 2284566373000
We have assigned the value of x to y. Now, both x and y store the reference to same object in memory. Therefore, x is y.
main.py
# is operator x = [1, 2, 3] y = [1, 2, 3] print(x is y) # True print(x is not y) # False print(id(x)) print(id(y))
Output
False True 1961841222280 1961841222344
Even though the list elements are same, x and y are assigned with two different list objects. Hence, the ids are different for x and y and therefore x is not y, in this case.
Membership Operators
Membership Operators are used to check if an element or item is present in the given collection or sequence. The following table presents the Membership operators in Python with their symbol, description, and an example.
| Operator Symbol | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| in | Returns True if element (x) is present in sequence (y). | x in y |
| not in | Returns True if element (x) is not present in sequence (y). | x not in y |
main.py
# in operator x = 1 y = [1, 2, 3] print(x in y) # True # not in operator x = 8 y = [1, 2, 3] print(x not in y) # True
Conclusion
In this Python Tutorial, we learned about different kinds of Operators in Python: Arithmetic, Bitwise, Assignment, Comparison, Logical, Identity and Membership.